Abstract
There was a widespread perception on the economic losses of Britian during the first world war was hotly discussed among the people. The account of a few soldiers who participated in the world war was highly contributed to this perception. Along with this the people also believed that Britain no longer had the strength to maintain its power in India . The alliance of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement was initiated by M.K Gandhi in 1919 was another key factor which contributed to the British anxiety towards the people in Malabar.
Keywords
Perspectives
Crowd Actions
Tirurangadi Mambram Mosque Attack
1921 August
References
1. Dr.K.Gopalankutty, Malabar Padanangal, Kerala Bhasha Institute, Thiruvananthapuram,2007, p. 2.
2. Ibid., p. 186.
3. Ibid.,
4. Ibid.,
5. Ibid., p.189.
6. Ibid.,
7. Ibid.,
8. Ibid.,
9. Ibid., p.188.
10. Purathur Sreedharan, Malabar Kalapavum Khilafat Prasthanavum, H &C Publishing House, 2019, p. 44.
11. Ibid.,
12. K.Madhavan Nair, Malabar Kalapam, Mathrubhumi Books, Kozhikode, 1971, p. 103.
13. For More Reference see George Rude’s The Crowd in French Revolution, Oxford University Press, New York, 1959.
14. Op.cit., Purathur Sreedharan, p. 64.
15. Important Mosque in Tirur located in the centre of market.
16. R.H. Hitchcock, Peasant Revolt in Malabar a History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921, Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1925, p. 12.
17. Ibid.,
18. Gopalankutty in his Malabar Padanangal, illustrated the importance of rumours in 1921 Malabar rebellion.
19. Op.cit., R.H Hitchcock, p. 13.
20. Ibid., p-p 13-15.
21. Ibid.,
22. Op.cit., p.67.
23. Diwan Bahadur.C. Gopalan Nair, The Moplah Rebellion 1921, Norman Printing Bureau, Calicut, 1923.
24. F.B Evans, ‘Note on the Rebellion’, in Tottenham Mappila Rebellion, superintendent Govt. Press, Madrass, 1922, p. 42.
25. op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p. 114.
26. K.Gopalankutty op.cit.,
27. Op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p. 116.
28. Ibid.,
29. Ibid., 119.
30. M.P.S Menon, Malabar Samaram, M.P Narayana Menonum Sahapravarthakarum, Islamic Publishing House, Kozhikode, 1992, p.p 97-98.
31. Op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p.p 121-122.
32. Ibid.,
2. Ibid., p. 186.
3. Ibid.,
4. Ibid.,
5. Ibid., p.189.
6. Ibid.,
7. Ibid.,
8. Ibid.,
9. Ibid., p.188.
10. Purathur Sreedharan, Malabar Kalapavum Khilafat Prasthanavum, H &C Publishing House, 2019, p. 44.
11. Ibid.,
12. K.Madhavan Nair, Malabar Kalapam, Mathrubhumi Books, Kozhikode, 1971, p. 103.
13. For More Reference see George Rude’s The Crowd in French Revolution, Oxford University Press, New York, 1959.
14. Op.cit., Purathur Sreedharan, p. 64.
15. Important Mosque in Tirur located in the centre of market.
16. R.H. Hitchcock, Peasant Revolt in Malabar a History of the Malabar Rebellion 1921, Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1925, p. 12.
17. Ibid.,
18. Gopalankutty in his Malabar Padanangal, illustrated the importance of rumours in 1921 Malabar rebellion.
19. Op.cit., R.H Hitchcock, p. 13.
20. Ibid., p-p 13-15.
21. Ibid.,
22. Op.cit., p.67.
23. Diwan Bahadur.C. Gopalan Nair, The Moplah Rebellion 1921, Norman Printing Bureau, Calicut, 1923.
24. F.B Evans, ‘Note on the Rebellion’, in Tottenham Mappila Rebellion, superintendent Govt. Press, Madrass, 1922, p. 42.
25. op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p. 114.
26. K.Gopalankutty op.cit.,
27. Op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p. 116.
28. Ibid.,
29. Ibid., 119.
30. M.P.S Menon, Malabar Samaram, M.P Narayana Menonum Sahapravarthakarum, Islamic Publishing House, Kozhikode, 1992, p.p 97-98.
31. Op.cit., K.Madhavan Nair, p.p 121-122.
32. Ibid.,
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Use one of the citation formats below when referencing this article.
Aswathi.V
(2026).
Perspectives on ‘Crowd’ Actions in the Tirurangadi Mambram Mosque Attack (1921 August).
Kerala History and Studies Journal,
1
(1)
, 174-181
.
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APA 7th edition
Aswathi.V. "Perspectives on ‘Crowd’ Actions in the Tirurangadi Mambram Mosque Attack (1921 August)." Kerala History and Studies Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, 2026, pp. 174-181.
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MLA 9th edition
Aswathi.V. "Perspectives on ‘Crowd’ Actions in the Tirurangadi Mambram Mosque Attack (1921 August)." Kerala History and Studies Journal 1, no. 1 (2026): 174-181.
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